ABSTRACT
Epidemics of acute respiratory infections in Madagascar in 2002 : from alert to confirmation : An epidemiological investigation (Ministry of Health/Institut Pasteur de dagascar (IPM)) was conducted in July 2002; in two districts of a same province (Fianarantsoa : Fianarantsoa II and Ikongo) considering the high frequency of deaths linked with acute respiratory infection (ARI). Morbidity and mortality data was collected in the Centre de Sante de Base (CSB) which gave the alert (village of Sahafata; district Fianarantsoa II). Analysis of monthly activity reports (MAR) allowed calculation of incidence rates of ARI/pneumonia in Fianarantsoa province. Virological data was based on the analysis of nasopharyngal samples collected during the investigations. Clinical symptoms and homogeneity of laboratory results are consistent with an origin of these epidemics being related to the circulation of an influenza virus A subtype H3N2. Attack rates were very high. CFR was significantly higher in individuals of less than 1 year and more than 65 years. This data was confirmed by posterior investigations of teams from MoH/WHO. Surprisingly; this large epidemic was due to a known influenza virus that previously circulated in countries of northern hemisphere (the year before) and even in Antananarivo weeks before. Different hypothesis could be proposed to explain such phenomenon : great restriction of exchanges between different geographical zones; nutritional status